关于美国政策中“两个中国”的考虑,修正派史学家也给予一定的关注。南希·塔克(Nacy Bernkopf Tucker)指出,在危机期间,“美国谋求孤立和惩罚中共,同时又试图保护国民党人和防止因进攻金门和马祖而发生军事对抗。如果说艾森豪威尔为实现这些目标与国民党订立共同防御条约但又排除国民党重新征服大陆的可能性,那么它的政策就变成了事实上在台湾岛上制造第二个独立的中国。”[31] 这一问题在九十年代的研究中得到了更为广泛的探讨。
[1] 关于1954-1955年和1958年中美两国在台湾海峡地区的对抗,中美学术界对如何定义上有争议和分歧。美国大多数学者认为应属于危机范畴,因为美国决策者是以危机状况来处理这些事件。中国学者二十世纪九十年代以来的研究中,包括官方出版的中国外交史著作中,也开始使用“危机”来描述中美两国在台湾海峡地区的对抗。为了更准确地反映这一时期的中美关系,本书使用国内外学术界普遍接受的定义。
[2] Deane Heller and David Heller, John Foster Dulles: Soldier for Peace (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960), chapter 9; Fred Greene, U.S. Policy and the Security of Asia(New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968), pp. 92-104.
[3] Hans J. Morgenthau: “John Foster Dulles, 1953-1959”, in Norman Graebner, ed., An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of States in the Twentieth Century(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), chapter 18.
[4] Harold Hinton, Communist
[5] Foster Rhea Dulles, American Foreign Policy toward Communist
[6] 戈登·克雷格:《历史学家与国际关系研究》,载王建华译:《现代史学的挑战:美国历史协会主席演说集,1961-1988》,上海人民出版社1990年版,第436页。
[7] Alexander George and Richard Smoke, Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), pp. 266-292.
[8] J.H.Kalichi, The Pattern of Sino-American Crises: Political-Military Interaction in the 1950s (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp. 122-155.
[9] Hungdah Chiu,ed.,
[10] Stephen Rabe, “Eisenhower Revisionism: A Decade of Scholarship”, Diplomatic History, vol. 17, no. 1 (Winter 1993), pp. 98-100.
[11] Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).
[12] Robert Divine, Eisenhower and the Cold War(New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 10-66.
[13] Anna Kasten Nelson, “‘The Top of the Policy Hill’: Eisenhower and the National Security Council”), Diplomatic History, vol. 7, no. 3(Fall 1983), pp. 307-326.
[14] Fred Greenstein, The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader(New York: Basic Book, 1982), pp. 57-72, 87-91.
[15] Bennet Rushkoff, “Eisenhower, Dulles and Quemoy-Matsu Crisis, 1954-1955”, Political Science Quarterly, vol.96, no. 3 (Fall 1981), pp. 465-480.
[16] Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower: The President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984),pp. 244-246.
